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Short of calling it a pioneer text, it's difficult to really say much else about Saussure's Course in General Linguistics. As dated as most of the ideas contained within this book are, most of them stand as the founding concepts of linguistics, semiotics, and structuralism. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, eds. Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye with Albert Reidlinger, trans. Wade Baskin, New York: Philosophical Library, 1959. File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
- Course in General Linguistics Ferdinand de Saussure. Edited by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye In collaboration with Albert Riedlinger Translated, with an introduction and notes by Wade Baskin m S9(6) McGraw-Hill Book Company New York Toronto London. 6 COURSE IN GENERAL LINGUISTICS.
- Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics (1916) is a summary of his lectures at the University of Geneva from 1906 to 1911. Saussure examines the relationship between speech and the evolution of language, and investigates language as a structured system of signs.
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The Cours de linguistique generale, reconstructed from students' notes after Saussure's death in 1913, founded modern linguistic theory by breaking the study of language free from a merely historical and comparativist approach. Saussure's new method, now known as Structuralism, has since been applied to such diverse areas as art, architecture, folklore, literary criticism,
..more Published 1998 by Open Court (first published 1915)
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Aug 29, 2008Joshua Nomen-Mutatio rated it liked it
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Q: I’ve recently become particulary interested in structural linguistics, more specifically laryngeal theory. I’m wondering if anyone has read something on why the original laryngeals have disappeared? ..assuming they existed, of course.
And then my A: All I’m familiar with regarding structural linguistics is the foundational text of Saussure’s, Course in General Linguistics, which when I read it a few year ago I mostly found to be tedious and unsurprising. I can appreciate it as a..more
Q: I’ve recently become particulary interested in structural linguistics, more specifically laryngeal theory. I’m wondering if anyone has read something on why the original laryngeals have disappeared? ..assuming they existed, of course.
And then my A: All I’m familiar with regarding structural linguistics is the foundational text of Saussure’s, Course in General Linguistics, which when I read it a few year ago I mostly found to be tedious and unsurprising. I can appreciate it as a..more
Aug 28, 2008Jimmy rated it liked it
Short of calling it a pioneer text, it's difficult to really say much else about Saussure's Course in General Linguistics. As dated as most of the ideas contained within this book are, most of them stand as the founding concepts of linguistics, semiotics, and structuralism. Or, a more grammatically apt way to put it would be to say that it is Saussure's particular methodology that has been the most influential aspect of his thought. His central aim above all else is to analyze language as a syst..more
Oct 05, 2010Andrea rated it really liked it
Can't believe it took me so long to read this! It's so foundational to so much theory, and when you read it you will see how (it's not the same hearing about that, but isn't that always true?). And only reading it did I fully realize that I wasn't reading Saussure at all, but what his students and colleagues thought was Saussure, which clearly is something different and quite collective and thus possibly cooler than Saussure. So no one should just throw the name around as he's not a person anymo..more
Feb 21, 2019Bohdan Pechenyak rated it really liked it
A classical study of linguistics that laid the foundation of the modern science. A bit heavy on examples that break up the flow of the text, but a must-read for anyone interested in studying language and meaning.
Apr 16, 2013Nick rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
It is almost impossible to overstate the importance of this book. It is significant not only for laying down a radical vision of linguistics as a discipline for the 20th and 21st centuries, but it also lays the foundations for all modern approaches to semiotics. Certainly Peirce had made a similar breakthrough in semiotics at around the same time, but his theory was not backed up by such a rich understanding of the study of linguistics - its sub-fields and divisions, the progress it had made, it..more
Jan 14, 2017Denton Peter McCabe rated it it was amazing
After wrapping up my readings of Heidegger and Husserl, I found Saussure to be rather refreshing, probably the most influential thinker on my large critical theory reading list since Gramsci. Backing up just a little bit, Heidegger really seemed to have just contributed a convoluted discussion of the word Dasein and its meaning, which at different times could encompass being, revelation, existence, human being, the universe, etc. I feel Heidegger is too open to interpretation and a discussion of..more
This is not actually a work by de Saussure, but rather (a translation of) a posthumous reconstruction of his teaching by Bally and Sechehaye based on student notes of three separate courses of lectures (given between 1906 and 1911) plus some other writings of de Saussure; nevertheless, it is one of the founding texts of what is now known as 'structural linguistics.' I took an introductory course in structural linguistics at Columbia about 1973, or more than sixty years after this material was de..more
Oct 13, 2010Mike rated it it was amazing
This is an interesting book. The thinker behind the ideas within it was dead when it was written, and it was composed by former students from lecture notes. While reading it, one begins to presume a singular, living voice behind the ideas within; ideas that have been discussed, dissected, and evaluated to the point where this original formulation has lost its currency and its value is now that of an artefact or touchstone. The sad thing of monuments is that they are never free from piss; the fac..more
Jul 28, 2011Phillip rated it really liked it · review of another edition
I want to preface this by mentioning that I only read the parts of this text that seemed to be about semiotics, rather than the parts about linguistics as such. De Saussure's text is really important to the foundations of semiotics as a discipline, and I was especially pleased to get clarification on the relationship between the sign, the signifier, and the signified. Otherwise, he had some smart insights on various things, but I think a general intro to semiology would be as useful. Obviously d..more
Oct 21, 2016Shafiq Razak Rajan rated it liked it · review of another edition
Definitely not for the uninitiated. If you want to read this and understand more than half of it, its better you get acquainted with Linguistics 101.
What I learned:
1. A language item (like a word) is a sign. A sign, in turn, is composed of two parts: the signal (letters, sound) and the signified (meaning, ideas, concept).
The between the sign and the signified is largely arbritary. Thus, there is no logical explanation on why a dog is called a dog, and spelt as d o g, but in Malay, it is called a..more
What I learned:
1. A language item (like a word) is a sign. A sign, in turn, is composed of two parts: the signal (letters, sound) and the signified (meaning, ideas, concept).
The between the sign and the signified is largely arbritary. Thus, there is no logical explanation on why a dog is called a dog, and spelt as d o g, but in Malay, it is called a..more
Jan 15, 2019Alexander Smith rated it really liked it
I, in some ways, have two very different opinions about this book:
First, I realize that this is a historically important perspective that is really novel in its approach to semiotics and linguistics. This is one of the most concise, well arranged, and innovative arguments for its time on language and meaning making. Also some parts of this ring true, even if I have axiomatic differences.
That said, secondly, many of the fundamental arguments of this work seem under-motivated by overly simplified..more
First, I realize that this is a historically important perspective that is really novel in its approach to semiotics and linguistics. This is one of the most concise, well arranged, and innovative arguments for its time on language and meaning making. Also some parts of this ring true, even if I have axiomatic differences.
That said, secondly, many of the fundamental arguments of this work seem under-motivated by overly simplified..more
Aug 11, 2017David Balfour rated it really liked it
The section on synchronic linguistics is brilliant, but the latter half of the book - on diachronic linguistics - is a little pointless for someone who isn't actually interested in the history of languages. Also, the specific linguistic examples are a bit overwhelming for someone who isn't already immersed in the field. Fortunately, it's easy to skim over them and get the general gist of the argument.
It doesn't feel like Saussure was aware of how profound some of his ideas are, particularly his..more
It doesn't feel like Saussure was aware of how profound some of his ideas are, particularly his..more
Jun 10, 2019Stevie von Uexküll rated it liked it
Saussure proudly takes the cake as the most tedious and boring 'philosopher' (not technically a philosopher, mind you) that I've read. I shouldn't bash him too hard, though, since this was a bunch of lecture notes transcribed by a couple of his students, but nonetheless, this makes the structure and tone of the book quite frustrating.
A lot of the times Saussure brings up discredited linguistics and specific examples (which will most likely fly over your head, if you're not a linguistics student-..more
A lot of the times Saussure brings up discredited linguistics and specific examples (which will most likely fly over your head, if you're not a linguistics student-..more
Aug 09, 2015Basilius rated it really liked it
A particular word is like the center of a constellation; it is the point of convergence of an indefinite number of co-ordinated terms.
I once wondered how cavemen thought without language. Did they think in images? And for a person who’s bilingual: which language do they reason in? While in both cases I took for granted the thinking-in-words phenomenon I didn’t put 2+2 together. I didn’t realize, not fully, how integrated language and abstraction were. Little did I know that Ferdinand de Saussure..more
I once wondered how cavemen thought without language. Did they think in images? And for a person who’s bilingual: which language do they reason in? While in both cases I took for granted the thinking-in-words phenomenon I didn’t put 2+2 together. I didn’t realize, not fully, how integrated language and abstraction were. Little did I know that Ferdinand de Saussure..more
Very nice book for a semiotic beginner.
Sign Language: Form and Meaning
- semiotics, signified, signifier
- Syntagmatic relations
- signs are arbitrary
- etc.
- semiotics, signified, signifier
- Syntagmatic relations
- signs are arbitrary
- etc.
Apr 30, 2016Chris Via rated it liked it
For literary critic, author, and professor Terry Eagleton, Structuralism is 'rather like killing a person in order to examine more conveniently the circulation of the blood' (Literary Theory: An Introduction, 95), and indeed Roland Barthes had something like this analogy in mind when he wrote the monumental little essay 'The Death of the Author.' As Mary Klages defines it, 'In any field, a structuralist is interested in discovering the elements - the units - that make up any system, and in disco..more
Sep 11, 2016Daniel Cheng rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
I always have a difficult time articulating my views on a book as canonical and influential as the Cours, especially when it's in a rather technical field that I have negligible amounts of experience with. Despite this, it's impossible to read this book and not see why it had the influence it did. Prefiguring Baudrillard's notion of the simulacrum, Saussure's revelations about language transforms it into a network of simulacra that can't be referred to some definitive 'truth' or 'reality.' The r..more
I can't but rate such book by full stars. It's simply a reference to all who's interested in linguistic studies, simple enough for an amateur and essential for a professional. As we all know it's not Saussure himself who wrote this book, which is an amazing fact for its own account, for now we're reading the believes and the understanding of his students about this subject matter.
The great thing about the general course of linguistic is that it tackles all the important parts of this fields, it..more
The great thing about the general course of linguistic is that it tackles all the important parts of this fields, it..more
The book is fun to read, although the material is extremely dated. The work Saussure does in this book hardly looks like contemporary linguistics. But, for the student of history, and to better understand the origins of linguistics today, this book presents itself as an interesting read.
Also, the book is fun because it covers Saussure's famous 'signifier' and 'signified.' The theory is not as technically brutal as contemporary linguistics, but it still gets your mind working!
One more thing, an..more
Also, the book is fun because it covers Saussure's famous 'signifier' and 'signified.' The theory is not as technically brutal as contemporary linguistics, but it still gets your mind working!
One more thing, an..more
Jan 20, 2016Roger Green rated it really liked it · review of another edition
This is a brilliant book that is foundational for the discipline of linguistics. Reading it today I'm struck by the impulse to create a 'science,' something paralleled in the work of thinkers like Freud and (a bit later) Heidegger and what came to be known as existentialism. I'm also struck by the later reception in France as a political move in the postwar years. To me, as Structuralism gains momentum in the late 1940s and 1950s it is aligned with a 'revived' 'liberal humanist' Marxism followin..more
Dec 04, 2016Harun Celik rated it it was amazingRecommends it for: anyone interested in an introduction to semiotics
I wasn't very interested in Linguistics until I started this book and can now say that I'm hooked to both Linguistics and to studies of Semiotics.
The book has a very wide remit of common subjects in Linguistics and Language altogether. More interestingly though are Saussure's ideas on semiology and the function of linguistic structures through the works of signs. Saussure is brilliant in surreptitiously explaining how much of the world we axiomatically take through signs and language and the arb..more
The book has a very wide remit of common subjects in Linguistics and Language altogether. More interestingly though are Saussure's ideas on semiology and the function of linguistic structures through the works of signs. Saussure is brilliant in surreptitiously explaining how much of the world we axiomatically take through signs and language and the arb..more
I jumped into this because he is so important to the structuralist movement, but honestly this is nothing but a pile of arcane linguistics.
If you know nothing about linguistics and have no real interest in it avoid this. If you are interested in it's impacts on philosophy like I was, I would recommend reading a philosophy book that summarizes this book as opposed to actually reading it.
Reading this book did nothing for my understanding and just made me more confused.
If you know nothing about linguistics and have no real interest in it avoid this. If you are interested in it's impacts on philosophy like I was, I would recommend reading a philosophy book that summarizes this book as opposed to actually reading it.
Reading this book did nothing for my understanding and just made me more confused.
One of the most foundational books in the modern approach to linguistics, especially when it represents a pure structuralist approach; which, while considered as refuted by the Chomskyan approach, still is useful as a perceptual lens. It also is one of the founding texts of the modern approach to semiotics, and thus is an essential read to anyone who wishes to have some understanding of topics and outdated schools of linguistics.
Jan 09, 2013Michael rated it liked it · review of another edition
Good. Of specific note, the eBook edition was very well formatted for the media. In my readings, I've run across many a book which were obviously hastily converted for eBook distribution. These eBooks suffer from typographical errors and sloppy formatting. The 'Course in General Linguistics,' though, bucked the trend. Well done.
As for the content itself: It was good, I suppose. I read it a might bit quick, so I would prefer to go over it and re-read some sections.
As for the content itself: It was good, I suppose. I read it a might bit quick, so I would prefer to go over it and re-read some sections.
Jan 25, 2009Amanda rated it really liked it
A very clear (despite some translation inconsistencies, apparently) outline of semiotics and the structure of language. Though not really how linguistics works anymore, a very useful book if you're at all interested in understanding how signs work. Plus the influence of Saussure on other humanities disciplines (ie film studies) is not to be underestimated.
Fantastic piece of mind-revolutionizing theory--i actually was introduced to Saussure through course work at uni. But I went and read this entire book for a project later. The ideas Saussure puts forth in his thinking about language are foundational to post-structural thinking. Grasping his framework and applying it to life was an intellectually liberating experience--a bit dry though sometimes.
Dec 16, 2007Adam Lindberg rated it Course In General Linguistics By Ferdinand De Saussure Pdf Online
really liked it · review of another editionRecommends it for: anyone interested in sturcturalism or semiotics
The classic study of the subject. A worthwhile investment for anyone interested in questions about how language works. Of note: the Baskin versus the Harris translation is a difficult problem to solve. Each succeeds the other at certain points in their renderings. If possible, my recommendation would be to read them side-by-side. If I had to pick one, I'd say go with the Baskin.
Jul 31, 2010Natalie rated it liked it · review of another edition
thank you, Prof. Paul Kockelman, for opening Pandora's Box on my research/study habits/curiosity: this led me to Barthes, which led me to Antonioni, which led me to Bachelard and Perec, and now.. Drew Barrymore's autobio, 'Little Girl Lost.' Couldn't have done it without ya, Kock. thanks for all of the semiomemories..
I'm not sure how I feel about Saussure; he's often credited with distinguishing between referents and their signifiers but he wasn't the only one at his time making this argument (e.g., Frege). I find him particularly obscure on the process by which we understand names. Nonetheless, he's an engaging read and I'd have to say I'd be interested in reading him again.
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Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in linguistics in the 20th century. Saussure is widely considered to be one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics and his ideas have had a monumental impact throughout the humanities and social sciences.
Ferdinand De Saussure
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“Without language, thought is a vague, uncharted nebula.” — 64 likes
“Psychologically our thought-apart from its expression in words-is only a shapeless and indistinct mass.” — 23 likes
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Born | 26 November 1857 Geneva, Switzerland |
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Died | 22 February 1913 (aged 55) |
Alma mater | University of Geneva Leipzig University (PhD, 1880) University of Berlin |
Era | 19th-century philosophy |
Region | Western philosophy |
School | Structuralism, linguistic turn,[1]semiotics |
Institutions | EPHE University of Geneva |
Main interests | Linguistics |
Structural linguistics Semiology Langue and parole Signified and signifier Synchrony and diachrony Linguistic sign Semiotic arbitrariness Laryngeal theory | |
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Signature |
Semiotics |
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General concepts |
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Semioticians |
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Ferdinand de Saussure (/soʊˈsjʊər/;[3]French: [fɛʁdinɑ̃ də sosyʁ]; 26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swisslinguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology in the 20th century.[4][5] He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics[6][7][8][9] and one of two major founders (together with Charles Sanders Peirce) of semiotics/semiology.[10]
One of his translators, Roy Harris, summarized Saussure's contribution to linguistics and the study of 'the whole range of human sciences. It is particularly marked in linguistics, philosophy, psychology, sociology and anthropology.'[11] Although they have undergone extension and critique over time, the dimensions of organization introduced by Saussure continue to inform contemporary approaches to the phenomenon of language. Prague school linguist Jan Mukařovský writes that Saussure's 'discovery of the internal structure of the linguistic sign differentiated the sign both from mere acoustic 'things'.. and from mental processes', and that in this development 'new roads were thereby opened not only for linguistics, but also, in the future, for the theory of literature'.[12]Ruqaiya Hasan argued that 'the impact of Saussure’s theory of the linguistic sign has been such that modern linguists and their theories have since been positioned by reference to him: they are known as pre-Saussurean, Saussurean, anti-Saussurean, post-Saussurean, or non-Saussure'.[13]
- 2Work and influence
Biography[edit]
Saussure was born in Geneva in 1857. His father was Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure, a mineralogist, entomologist, and taxonomist. Saussure showed signs of considerable talent and intellectual ability as early as the age of fourteen.[14] In the autumn of 1870, he began attending the Institution Martine (previously the Institution Lecoultre until 1969), in Geneva. There he lived with the family of a classmate, Elie David.[15] Graduating at the top of class, Saussure expected to continue his studies at the Gymnase de Genève, but his father decided he was not mature enough at fourteen and a half, and sent him to the Collège de Genève instead. Saussure was not pleased, as he complained: 'I entered the Collège de Genève, to waste a year there as completely as a year can be wasted.'[16]
After a year of studying Latin, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit and taking a variety of courses at the University of Geneva, he commenced graduate work at the University of Leipzig in 1876.
Two years later, at 21, Saussure published a book entitled Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes (Dissertation on the Primitive Vowel System in Indo-European Languages). After this he studied for a year at the University of Berlin under the PrivatdozentenHeinrich Zimmer, with whom he studied Celtic, and Hermann Oldenberg with whom he continued his studies of Sanskrit.[17] He returned to Leipzig to defend his doctoral dissertation De l'emploi du génitif absolu en Sanscrit, and was awarded his doctorate in February 1880. Soon, he relocated to the University of Paris, where he lectured on Sanskrit, Gothic and Old High German and occasionally other subjects.
Ferdinand de Saussure is one of the world's most quoted linguists, which is remarkable as he himself hardly published anything during his lifetime. Even his few scientific articles are not unproblematic. Thus, for example, his publication on Lithuanian phonetics[18] is grosso modo taken from studies by the Lithuanian researcher Friedrich Kurschat, with whom Saussure traveled through Lithuania in August 1880 for two weeks, and whose (German) books Saussure had read.[19] Saussure, who had studied some basic grammar of Lithuanian in Leipzig for one semester but was unable to speak the language, was thus dependent on Kurschat. It is also questionable to what extent the Cours itself can be traced back to Saussure (alone). Studies have shown that at least the current version and its content are more likely to have the so-called editors Charles Bally and Albert Sèchehaye as their source than Saussure himself.[20]
Saussure taught at the École pratique des hautes études for eleven years during which he was named Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (Knight of the Legion of Honor).[21] When offered a professorship in Geneva in 1892, he returned to Switzerland. Saussure lectured on Sanskrit and Indo-European at the University of Geneva for the remainder of his life. It was not until 1907 that Saussure began teaching the Course of General Linguistics, which he would offer three times, ending in the summer of 1911. He died in 1913 in Vufflens-le-Château, Vaud, Switzerland. Matshita dvd ram uj8c0 firmware update. His brothers were the linguist and Esperantist René de Saussure, and scholar of ancient Chinese astronomy, Léopold de Saussure. In turn, his son was the psychoanalyst Raymond de Saussure.
Saussure attempted, at various times in the 1880s and 1890s, to write a book on general linguistic matters. His lectures about important principles of language description in Geneva between 1907 and 1911 were collected and published by his pupils posthumously in the famous Cours de linguistique générale in 1916. Some of his manuscripts, including an unfinished essay discovered in 1996, were published in Writings in General Linguistics, but most of the material in it had already been published in Engler's critical edition of the Course, in 1967 and 1974. (TUFA)
Work and influence[edit]
Saussure's theoretical reconstructions of the Proto-Indo-European language vocalic system and particularly his theory of laryngeals, otherwise unattested at the time, bore fruit and found confirmation after the decipherment of Hittite in the work of later generations of linguists such as Émile Benveniste and Walter Couvreur, who both drew direct inspiration from their reading of the 1878 Mémoire.[22]
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Saussure had a major impact on the development of linguistic theory in the first half of the 20th century. His two currents of thought emerged independently of each other, one in Europe, the other in America. The results of each incorporated the basic notions of Saussure's thought in forming the central tenets of structural linguistics. According to him, linguistic entities are parts of a system and are defined by their relations to one another within said system.[23] The thinker used the game of chess for his analogy, citing that the game is not defined by the physical attributes of the chess pieces but the relation of each piece to the other pieces.[23]
Saussure's status in contemporary theoretical linguistics, however, is much diminished, with many key positions now dated or subject to challenge, but post-structuralist 21st-century reception remains more open to Saussure's influence.[24] His main contribution to structuralism was his theory of a two-tiered reality about language. The first is the langue, the abstract and invisible layer, while the second, the parole, refers to the actual speech that we hear in real life.[25] This framework was later adopted by Claude Levi-Strauss, who used the two-tiered model to determine the reality of myths. His idea was that all myths have an underlying pattern, which form the structure that makes them myths.[25] These established the structuralist framework to literary criticism.
In Europe, the most important work in that period of influence was done by the Prague school. Most notably, Nikolay Trubetzkoy and Roman Jakobson headed the efforts of the Prague School in setting the course of phonological theory in the decades from 1940. Jakobson's universalizing structural-functional theory of phonology, based on a markedness hierarchy of distinctive features, was the first successful solution of a plane of linguistic analysis according to the Saussurean hypotheses. Elsewhere, Louis Hjelmslev and the Copenhagen School proposed new interpretations of linguistics from structuralist theoretical frameworks.
In America, Saussure's ideas informed the distributionalism of Leonard Bloomfield[26] and the post-Bloomfieldian structuralism of such scholars as Eugene Nida, Bernard Bloch, George L. Trager, Rulon S. Wells III, Charles Hockett and, through Zellig Harris, the young Noam Chomsky. In addition to Chomsky's theory of transformational grammar, other contemporary developments of structuralism included Kenneth Pike's theory of tagmemics, Sidney Lamb's theory of stratificational grammar, and Michael Silverstein's work. Systemic functional linguistics is a theory considered to be based firmly on the Saussurean principles of the sign, albeit with some modifications. Ruqaiya Hasan describes systemic functional linguistics as a 'post-Saussurean' linguistic theory.[13]Michael Halliday argues:
Saussure took the sign as the organizing concept for linguistic structure, using it to express the conventional nature of language in the phrase 'l'arbitraire du signe'. This has the effect of highlighting what is, in fact, the one point of arbitrariness in the system, namely the phonological shape of words, and hence allows the non-arbitrariness of the rest to emerge with greater clarity. An example of something that is distinctly non-arbitrary is the way different kinds of meaning in language are expressed by different kinds of grammatical structure, as appears when linguistic structure is interpreted in functional terms [27]
Course in General Linguistics[edit]
Saussure's most influential work, Course in General Linguistics (Cours de linguistique générale), was published posthumously in 1916 by former students Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, on the basis of notes taken from Saussure's lectures in Geneva.[28] The Course became one of the seminal linguistics works of the 20th century not primarily for the content (many of the ideas had been anticipated in the works of other 20th century linguists) but for the innovative approach that Saussure applied in discussing linguistic phenomena.
Its central notion is that language may be analyzed as a formal system of differential elements, apart from the messy dialectics of real-time production and comprehension. Examples of these elements include his notion of the linguistic sign, which is composed of the signifier and the signified. Though the sign may also have a referent, Saussure took that to lie beyond the linguist's purview.
Throughout the book, he stated that a linguist can develop a diachronic analysis of a text or theory of language but must learn just as much or more about the language/text as it exists at any moment in time (i.e. 'synchronically'): 'Language is a system of signs that expresses ideas'. A science that studies the life of signs within society and is a part of social and general psychology. Saussure believed that semiotics is concerned with everything that can be taken as a sign, he called it semiology.
Laryngeal theory[edit]
While a student, Saussure published an important work in Indo-Europeanphilology that proposed the existence of ghosts in Proto-Indo-European called sonant coefficients. The Scandinavian scholar Hermann Möller suggested that they might actually be laryngeal consonants, leading to what is now known as the laryngeal theory. It has been argued that the problem that Saussure encountered, trying to explain how he was able to make systematic and predictive hypotheses from known linguistic data to unknown linguistic data, stimulated his development of structuralism. His predictions about the existence of primate coefficients/laryngeals and their evolution proved a success when Hittite texts were discovered and deciphered, some 50 years later.
Later critics[edit]
The closing sentence of Saussure's Course in General Linguistics has been challenged in many[weasel words] academic disciplines and subdisciplines with its contention that 'linguistics has as its unique and true object the language envisioned in itself and for itself'.[29] By the latter half of the 20th century, many of Saussure's ideas were under heavy criticism.
Saussure's linguistic ideas are still considered important for their time but have since suffered considerably under rhetorical developments aimed at showing how linguistics had changed or was changing with the times. As a consequence, Saussure's ideas are now often presented by professional linguists as outdated and as superseded by developments such as cognitive linguistics and generative grammar or have been so modified in their basic tenets as to make their use in their original formulations difficult without risking distortion, as in systemic linguistics. That development is occasionally overstated, however; Jan Koster states, 'Saussure, considered the most important linguist of the century in Europe until the 1950s, hardly plays a role in current theoretical thinking about language,'[30] Over-reactions can also be seen in comments of the cognitive linguist Mark Turner[31] who reports that many of Saussure's concepts were 'wrong on a grand scale'. It is necessary to be rather more finely nuanced in the positions attributed to Saussure and in their longterm influence on the development of linguistic theorizing in all schools; for a more recent rereading of Saussure with respect to such issues, see Paul Thibault.[32] Just as many principles of structural linguistics are still pursued, modified and adapted in current practice and according to what has been learnt since about the embodied functioning of brain and the role of language within this, basic tenets begun with Saussure still can be found operating behind the scenes today.[citation needed]
Semiology[edit]
Saussure is one of the founding fathers of semiotics. His term for the field was 'semiology.' Instead of focusing his theory on the origins of language and its historical aspects, Saussure concentrated on the patterns and functions of language itself. He believed that the relationship that exists between the signifier and the signified is purely arbitrary and analytical. His 'sign/signifier/signified/referent' scheme forms the core of the field. Equally crucial but often overlooked or misapplied is the dimension of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes of linguistic description.
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Some linguists have pointed out to the fact that Saussure did not 'invent' semiotics but built upon Neoplatonist/Augustinian knowledge from the Middle Ages, particularly in regard to the writings of Augustine of Hippo: 'as for the constitution of Saussurian semiotic theory, the importance of the Augustinian thought contribution (correlated to the Stoic one) has also been recognized. Saussure did not do anything but reform an ancient theory in Europe, according to the modern conceptual exigencies'.[33]
Influence outside linguistics[edit]
The principles and methods employed by structuralism were later adapted in diverse fields by French intellectuals such as Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, and Claude Lévi-Strauss. Such scholars took influence from Saussure's ideas in their own areas of study (literary studies/philosophy, psychoanalysis, anthropology, respectively).
Works[edit]
- (1878) Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes (Memoir on the Primitive System of Vowels in Indo-European Languages), Leipzig: Teubner. (online version in Gallica Program, Bibliothèque nationale de France).
- (1881) De l'emploi du génitif absolu en Sanscrit: Thèse pour le doctorat présentée à la Faculté de Philosophie de l'Université de Leipzig, (On the Use of the Genitive Absolute in Sanskrit: Doctoral dissertation presented to the Faculty of Philosophy of the Leipzig University) Geneva: Jules-Guillamaume Fick. (online version on the Internet Archive).
- (1916) Cours de linguistique générale, ed. C. Bally and A. Sechehaye, with the collaboration of A. Riedlinger, Lausanne and Paris: Payot; trans. W. Baskin, Course in General Linguistics, Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1977.
- (1922) Recueil des publications scientifiques de F. de Saussure, ed. C. Bally and L. Gautier, Lausanne and Geneva: Payot.
- (1993) Saussure’s Third Course of Lectures in General Linguistics (1910–1911): Emile Constantin ders notlarından, Language and Communication series, volume. 12, trans. and ed. E. Komatsu and R. Harris, Oxford: Pergamon.
- (2002) Écrits de linguistique générale, ISBN978-2-07-076116-6.
- This volume, which consists mostly of material previously published by Engler, includes an attempt at reconstructing a text from a set of Saussure's manuscript pages headed 'The Double Essence of Language', found in 1996 in Geneva. These pages contain ideas already familiar to Saussure scholars, both from Engler's critical edition of the Course and from another unfinished book manuscript of Saussure's, published in 1995 by Maria Pia Marchese (Phonétique: Il manoscritto di Harvard Houghton Library bMS Fr 266 (8), Padova: Unipress, 1995).
See also[edit]
References[edit]
![Ferdinand de saussure pdf Ferdinand de saussure pdf](/uploads/1/3/3/8/133867155/320667394.jpg)
- ^David Kreps, Bergson, Complexity and Creative Emergence, Springer, 2015, p. 92.
- ^Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller (eds.), The Handbook of Linguistics, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, p. 96. However, E. F. K. Koerner maintains that Saussure was not influenced by Durkheim (Ferdinand de Saussure: Origin and Development of His Linguistic Thought in Western Studies of Language. A contribution to the history and theory of linguistics, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn [Oxford & Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press], 1973, pp. 45–61.)
- ^'Saussure, Ferdinand de'. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.
- ^Robins, R. H. 1979. A Short History of Linguistics, 2nd Edition. Longman Linguistics Library. London and New York. p. 201: Robins writes Saussure's statement of 'the structural approach to language underlies virtually the whole of modern linguistics'.
- ^Harris, R. and T. J. Taylor. 1989. Landmarks in Linguistic Thought: The Western Tradition from Socrates to Saussure. 2nd Edition. Chapter 16.
- ^Justin Wintle, Makers of modern culture, Routledge, 2002, p. 467.
- ^David Lodge, Nigel Wood, Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader, Pearson Education, 2008, p. 42.
- ^Thomas, Margaret. 2011. Fifty Key Thinkers on Language and Linguistics. Routledge: London and New York. p. 145 ff.
- ^Chapman, S. and C. Routledge. 2005. Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language. Edinburgh University Press. p.241 ff.
- ^Winfried Nöth, Handbook of Semiotics, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1990.
- ^Harris, R. 1988. Language, Saussure and Wittgenstein. Routledge. pix.
- ^Mukarovsky, J. 1977. On Poetic Language. The Word and Verbal Art: Selected Essays by Jan Mukarovsky. Translated and edited by J. Burbank and Peter Steiner. p. 18.
- ^ abLinguistic sign and the science of linguistics: the foundations of appliability. In Fang Yan & Jonathan Webster (eds.)Developing Systemic Functional Linguistics. Equinox 2013
- ^Слюсарева, Наталья Александровна: Некоторые полузабытые страницы из истории языкознания – Ф. де Соссюр и У. Уитней. (Общее и романское языкознание: К 60-летию Р.А. Будагова). Москва 1972.
- ^Joseph, John E. (2012-03-22). Saussure. OUP Oxford. ISBN9780199695652.
- ^Joseph, John E. (2012-03-22). Saussure. OUP Oxford. ISBN9780191636974.
- ^Joseph (2012:253)
- ^Ferdinand de Saussure, « Aaccentuation lituanienne ». In : Indogermanische Forschungen. Vol. 6, 157 – 166
- ^(Citation issue note: Although the following three citations appear to be parts of or volumes of the same book, or somehow related, the first part/book cited is linked to the URL that was provided in the citation; the second two parts/books cited do not appear to be contained in the material linked to the URL. Whether and which parts match the cited material is unclear.)
1.Kurschat, Friedrich (1843). Beiträge zur Kunde der littauischen Sprache. Beilage zum Ruhig-Mielckeschen Wörterbuch. (Contributions as the client of the Lithuanian language. Supplement to the Ruhig-Mielcke dictionary. Königsberg: Hartungschen Hofbuchdruckerei.
2. Kurschat, Friedrich (1843). Beiträge zur Kunde der littauischen Sprache. Erstes Heft: Deutsch-littauische Phraseologie der Präpositionen. (Contributions as the client of the Lithuanian language. Part I: German-Lithuanian Phraseology of Prepositions). Königsberg: Hartungschen Hofbuchdruckerei.
3. Kurschat, Friedrich (1849). Beiträge zur Kunde der littauischen Sprache. Zweites Heft: Laut- und Tonlehre der littauischen Sprache (Contributions as the client of the Lithuanian language. Part II: Sound and sound theory of the Lithuanian language). Königsberg: Hartungschen Hofbuchdruckerei. - ^Jürgen Trabant, « Saussure contre le Cours ». In: Francois Rastier (Hrsg.): De l'essence double du langage et le renouveau du saussurisme. Limoges: Lambert-Lucas. ISBN978-2-35935-160-6
- ^Culler, p. 23
- ^E. F. K. Koerner, 'The Place of Saussure's Memoire in the development of historical linguistics,' in Jacek Fisiak (ed.) Papers from the Sixth International Conference on Historical Linguistics,(Poznań, Poland, 1983) John Benjamins Publishing, 1985 pp.323-346, p.339.
- ^ abAronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie (2017). The Handbook of Linguistics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 108. ISBN9781405186766.
- ^Boris Gasparov. Beyond Pure Reason, pp1-8, 2010.
- ^ abFendler, Lynn (2010). Michel Foucault. London: Bloomsbury. p. 17. ISBN9781472518811.
- ^John Earl Joseph (2002). From Whitney to Chomsky: Essays in the History OfAmerican Linguisitcs. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 139. ISBN978-90-272-4592-2.
- ^Halliday, MAK. 1977. Ideas about Language. Reprinted in Volume 3 of MAK Halliday's Collected Works. Edited by J.J. Webster. London: Continuum. p113.
- ^Macey, D. (2009). The Penguin dictionary of critical theory. Crane Library at the University of British Columbia.
- ^Boris Gasparov. Beyond Pure Reason, pp59-60, 2010.
- ^Koster, Jan. 1996. 'Saussure meets the brain', in R. Jonkers, E. Kaan, J. K. Wiegel, eds., Language and Cognition 5. Yearbook 1992 of the Research Group for Linguistic Theory and Knowledge Representation of the University of Groningen, Groningen, pp. 115–120.PDF
- ^Turner, Mark. 1987. Death is the Mother of Beauty: Mind, Metaphor, Criticism. University of Chicago Press, p. 6.
- ^Thibault, Paul. 1996. Re-reading Saussure: The Dynamics of Signs in Social Life. London: Routledge.
- ^Munteanu, E. 'On the Object-Language/Metalanguage Distinction in Saint Augustine's Works: De Dialectica and de Magistro', p. 65. In: Cram, D., Linn, A. R., & Nowak, E. (eds.). History of Linguistics 1996: Volume 2: From Classical to Contemporary Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Retrieved April 16, 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtCAAAAQBAJ&pg.
Sources[edit]
- Culler, J. (1976). Saussure. Glasgow: Fontana/Collins.
- Ducrot, O. and Todorov, T. (1981). Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language, trans. C. Porter. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Harris, R. (1987). Reading Saussure. London: Duckworth.
- Holdcroft, D. (1991). Saussure: Signs, System, and Arbitrariness. Cambridge University Press.
- Веселинов, Д. (2008). Българските студенти на Фердинанд дьо Сосюр (The bulgarian students of Ferdinand de Saussure). Университетско издателство 'Св. Климент Охридски' (Sofia University Press).
- Joseph, J. E. (2012). Saussure. Oxford University Press.
- Sanders, Carol (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Saussure. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-80486-8.
- Wittmann, Henri (1974). 'New tools for the study of Saussure's contribution to linguistic thought.' Historiographia Linguistica 1.255-64. [1]
External links[edit]
- Publications by and about Ferdinand de Saussure in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library
- Works by or about Ferdinand de Saussure in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- The poet who could smell vowels: an article in The Times Literary Supplement by John E. Joseph, November 14, 2007.
- Original texts and resources, published by Texto, ISSN1773-0120(in French).
- Hearing Heidegger and Saussure by Elmer G. Wiens.
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